Epistemic Contextualism is a recent view in epistemology that has evolved primarily as a response to skepticism. Epistemic Contextualism is a semantic thesis and is the view that the truth conditions for KNOWLEDGE ATTRIBUTIONS, sentences of the form “S knows that P” and “S doesn’t know that P”, can vary across contexts as a result of shifting epistemic standards. This view, in fact, is a linguistic turn in epistemology. Contextualist seeks to explained epistemological problems by SEMANTICS of KNOWLEDGE sentences. In this paper I will examine one of the SEMANTICS foundations of Contextualism, that is epistemic standard as a unarticulated constituent, and will show that their epistemic claim is controversial and unpleasant.

Scientific scepticism, fundamentally, questions the veracity and epistemic value of claims not supported by scientific evidence. Motivated by the assumption that only the empirical investigation of reality leads to the truth, the scientific sceptics often maintain that only scientific method is best suited for this purpose. Claims found to be wanting in scientific evidence are considered untrue, and of little or no epistemic consequence. Using the analytical and critical methods, this paper interrogates this epistemic criterion of justification of scientific scepticism. It shows the inherent epistemic deficits in this criterion of the scientific sceptics, and how absolutizing its demands in such a manner as to undermine the veracity and epistemic significance of claims outside the mainstream discipline of science is not only to entrap themselves in many epistemic burdens, but also to sink under the unsavoury weight of criteriological egocentrism, detrimental to cognitive progress. As a credible alternative, this paper explores the epistemic fecundity of contextualistic pluralism – the pluralism of contextually underwritten cognitive positions – in truth and KNOWLEDGE justification. It concludes with the relevance of this approach in epistemic justification as evident in its inclusive nature as well as its shift of the focus of philosophical thinking from identity to diversity in an interculturality society.

The focus of this study is primarily on “the discrepancy in mentality as an important factor affecting family problems and divorce”. For this purpose, some minor studies were conducted each of which experimentally examined different aspects of mental discrepancy in Iranian families. Almost all of these studies showed that permanent disputes and divorces resulted from the differences in their world-views, thinkings, and impressions in their mutual affairs. At last, the theory of Homogamy with two major revisions were used to explain the reasons and causes of family problems and divorce which were confirmed in minor studies and cases.

This research was carried out with the purpose of determining the effectiveness of the self-KNOWLEDGE educational package based on the theory of existentialism on the illogical beliefs of communication on people. The statistical population included all married people who referred to counseling and psychological centers in Tehran's 1st and 3rd districts with marital problems. In the current research, experimental research method of quasi-experimental type of pre-test and post-test design with control group was used. In the research sample, 16 people who had a high level of irrational beliefs were selected voluntarily based on the answers to the voluntary questionnaire of counseling centers, and 8 people were randomly replaced in the experimental and control groups. The data collection tool was Adilson and Epstein's communication irrational beliefs questionnaire, which was conducted with a pre-test and post-test design with a control group and 12 data collection training sessions. Multivariate analysis of covariance or MANOVA method was used for data analysis. The results of the analysis of covariance in the Mankva text showed that in the main hypothesis, the analysis of covariance in the variable of couples' irrational beliefs (sig=0.02, F=6.059) is significant. The results of the sub-hypotheses also showed that the analysis of covariance in the variable of destructiveness, belief in the changeability of the spouse, belief in mind reading, belief in sexual perfectionism and sexual differences of couples is significant. the self-KNOWLEDGE education based on the existentialism approach is effective on the irrational beliefs of married people.

Using Cognitive Theory of Metaphor, this paper studies the abstract and religious concept of KNOWLEDGE in the Holy Quran language The main questions are: In the conceptualization of KNOWLEDGE, what cognitive strategies are involved? How these cognitive strategies interact? And, in the conceptualization process, how the experiential and religious bases are integrated? The study of linguistic metaphors, involving "seeing" and "hearing", shows that Quran has used conceptual metaphors, conceptual metonymy and image schemas. The abstract concept of KNOWLEDGE has been conceptualized through coherent mappings from the concrete, bodily experienced domains of seeing and hearing. The bases of these metaphors and schemas are human experiences of eye and ear; however, the religious content of Quran has influenced the way of mapping from source into target domains.